Systemic Pharmacological Treatments for Chronic Plaque Psoriasis

Chronic plaque psoriasis is a persistent skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches. Systemic pharmacological treatments are used when topical treatments and phototherapy are ineffective. These treatments work throughout the body and can be very effective in managing symptoms.

Common Systemic Treatments

• Methotrexate: A disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) that reduces inflammation and slows down cell growth. It's typically taken once a week.
• Ciclosporin: An immunosuppressant that works by reducing the activity of the immune system. It is effective but usually recommended for short-term use due to potential side effects.
• Acitretin: An oral retinoid that helps normalize skin cell growth and shedding. It is effective but may cause side effects such as dry skin and lips.
• Biologics: Targeted therapies that interfere with specific parts of the immune system. Common biologics include:
  • Adalimumab
  • Etanercept
  • Infliximab
  • Ustekinumab
  • Secukinumab
  Biologics are usually administered by injection or infusion.
• Apremilast: An oral phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor that helps to reduce inflammation.

Considerations

Before starting any systemic therapy, it is important to consider the following:

• Potential side effects and the need for regular monitoring.
• Interactions with other medications being taken.
• The severity of the psoriasis and the overall impact on quality of life.
• Consultation with a healthcare provider to tailor the treatment to individual needs.

Always consult a healthcare professional for medical advice and the most appropriate treatment options based on individual health needs.

Sitagliptin Induces Infections within Cystic Fibrosis Airways: A Study on Tolerogenic Human Dendritic Cells

Abstract: This study explores the impact of Sitagliptin on the immune environment of cystic fibrosis airways, particularly focusing on its influence on human dendritic cells. The research investigates whether Sitagliptin contributes to a tolerogenic state in these immune cells, potentially affecting the susceptibility to infections.

Introduction

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that severely affects the respiratory system. The chronic inflammatory environment of CF airways often leads to persistent infections. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in initiating and regulating immune responses. This study examines whether Sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor commonly used for diabetes management, can modulate the behavior of dendritic cells in CF airways.

Methodology

The study involved isolating human dendritic cells and exposing them to Sitagliptin under conditions mimicking cystic fibrosis airways. Various assays were conducted to evaluate the phenotype and function of DCs post-exposure.

Results

Our findings suggest that Sitagliptin modifies the immune phenotype of dendritic cells, promoting a tolerogenic state. This shift could potentially increase the risk of airway infections by dampening the immune response.

Discussion

The induction of a tolerogenic state in dendritic cells by Sitagliptin raises concerns about its use in patients with cystic fibrosis, a population already vulnerable to respiratory infections. Further research is needed to fully understand the implications of these findings.

Conclusion

While Sitagliptin offers benefits for glucose control, its effects on immune modulation within CF airways warrant caution and further investigation to ensure that its use does not inadvertently increase infection risk in this high-risk population.

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is a condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fat in the liver, not due to alcohol consumption. It is associated with metabolic dysfunction, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension.

Key Features of MASLD:

• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): MASLD is often considered within the spectrum of NAFLD, encompassing a range of liver conditions from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
• Metabolic Syndrome: MASLD is often linked with components of metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension.
• Diagnosis: Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques such as ultrasound or MRI, and sometimes liver biopsy for confirmation.
• Treatment: The primary approach to treatment includes lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss, exercise, and dietary changes, as well as management of associated metabolic conditions.

Risk Factors:

• Obesity
• Type 2 Diabetes
• High Cholesterol and Triglycerides
• Hypertension
• Genetic Predisposition

Prevention and Management:

Managing metabolic dysfunction through a healthy lifestyle is crucial in preventing and managing MASLD. This includes maintaining a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and addressing conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Regular monitoring and medical consultation are recommended for individuals at risk.

Exploring the Links between Gut Microbiota and Brain Processes in Alcohol Use Disorder

A TMS Study

Abstract:

This study aims to investigate the connections between gut microbiota and excitatory and inhibitory brain processes in individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), we explore how alterations in gut microbiota may influence neural activity related to AUD.

The gut-brain axis has been increasingly recognized as a critical pathway for understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of various psychiatric disorders, including AUD. Changes in gut microbiota composition have been linked to alterations in neurotransmitter systems, potentially affecting brain excitability and inhibition.

Our methodology involves the assessment of gut microbiota through stool sample analysis from participants with varying degrees of alcohol consumption. Concurrently, TMS is employed to evaluate cortical excitability and inhibition in these individuals.

Preliminary findings suggest significant correlations between specific gut microbiota profiles and alterations in excitatory and inhibitory processes in the brain. These insights could pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota to modulate brain function in AUD.

Keywords: Gut Microbiota, Alcohol Use Disorder, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Brain Excitability, Inhibition, Neurobiology