To evaluate the effects of long-term inhaled antibiotic therapy in people?

Comment by InpharmD Researcher

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has evolved from a narrow and rare childhood-onset disorder to a widely publicized and researched lifelong disease recognized as common and significantly heterogeneous. Researchers have suggested that gastrointestinal symptoms in ASD may be a manifestation of an underlying inflammatory process. However, there is a lack of bibliometric analysis of ASD and gut microbiota in children. Accordingly, this study conducts a bibliometric analysis of ASD and gut microbiota in children from 2000 to 2023, explores the current status and cutting-edge trends in the field of ASD and gut microbiota in children, and identifies new directions for future research. The literature on ASD and gut microbiota in children was screened using the Web of Science Core Collection from 2000 to 2023.

  

A comprehensive bibliometric analysis was conducted using data from the Web of Science Core Collection database until December 31, 2022. Visualization tools, including R, VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and gCLUTO, were utilized to examine collaborative networks, co-citation patterns, and keyword associations among countries, institutions, authors, journals, documents, and keywords.

Background

Annual publications, countries, institutions, authors, journals, keywords, and references were visualized and analyzed using CiteSpace 5.8. R3 and VOSviewer1.6.18. This study included 1071 publications. Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent. Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent.

Since the beginning of 2011, the overall number of articles shows an upward trend. Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent. Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent. The most productive country and institution are the United States and the University of California system, respectively.

The most frequently cited author is Kang Dae-Wook, with 790 citations, who has contributed significantly to this field. Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent. Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent. Timothy Dinan is the most prolific author, with 34 articles.

The journal with the most published articles on this topic is Nutrients, whereas PLOS One is the most cited journal. Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent. Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent. The most used keyword is "gut microbiota," and the reference for the highest outbreak intensity is Hsiao.

Relevant Prescribing Information

Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent. Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent. Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent. Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent. Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent.

Literature Review

A search of the published medical literature revealed 1 study investigating the researchable question:

To evaluate the effects of long-term inhaled antibiotic therapy in people?

Level of evidence

C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  Read more→


Please see Table 1 for your response.

 

Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent.

Design

Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent.

Objective

Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent.

Study Groups

Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent.

Inclusion Criteria

Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent.

Exclusion Criteria

Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent.

Methods

Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent.

Duration

Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent.

Outcome Measures

Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent.


Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent.

Baseline Characteristics

  

A

B

  

Age, years

      

Female

     

White

      

---

     

Include Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent. baseline characteristics that will provide a general (big picture) view of the patients in the study.

Results

Endpoint

A

B

p-Value

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All results listed should correlate directly/exactly with the outcome measures presented previously.Results that do not have to do with the inquiry should not be included; just the stated outcomes need corresponding results.


Tables are encouraged to display the most info using the least space/words.

Adverse Events

Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent.

Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent.

Cholestyramine, an anion-exchange resin, acts by binding bile acids within the intestinal lumen, thus interfering with their reabsorption and enhancing their' fecal excretion. As a result, bile acid synthesis is markedly stimulated. This leads to an increased requirement for cholesterol in the liver, which causes an elevation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. Cholestyramine is highly effective in the treatment of many patients withhigh cholesterol levels, but unfortunately, it is not tolerated by all patients. Therefore, in spite of its proven usefulness, the bile acid sequestrant is not an idealcholesterol-lowering agent.

Study Author Conclusions

Copy and paste the author’s conclusions on the question at hand, using full sentences. Don’t include any conclusions that don’t correspond to results we list.

InpharmD Researcher Critique

As the expert, add 1-2 sentences on strengths, weaknesses, and takeaways from this study. Focus on insight as “more research is needed” is obvious.